What were the salient results of the 1oo Years War?
- Devastated France but had positive effect of speeding transition from Feudal disunity to centralized power
- Burgundy became a major political power for a brief period
- England began to develop its own clothing industry and foreign markets as a result of Flemish/Dutch flip-flopping
Peasantry bore the brunt of the hardships of the war in both countries (France = Jacquerie, England = Wat Tyler's Rebellion)
Over the weekend, Nathan and Matt post answers to #5, Chris and Ethan to #6, Zach and Callie to #7, and Patrick and Lily to #8. We will compare/contrast and discuss them in class on Monday.
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ReplyDelete6. Discuss the evolution of the papacy and the Church as an institution during the 13th century.
ReplyDeleteIn the early 13th century Pope Innocent III came into power. He made many changes in the church. He transformed the papacy into a great secular power that weakened the church, but made it politically stronger. The Papacy established its own law court which tightened and centralized the legal proceedings. In the late 13th century the papacy became a powerful political institution that basically governed itself.
The institution was basically a government of its own. It had its own laws and courts, it was serviced by an efficient international bureaucracy, and became occupied with secular goals.
PART I
ReplyDelete• Whole villages vanished as a result f the plague
• As the # of farm laborers decreased, their wages increased
• As a new source of revenue, France imposed a direct tax specifically on the peasants and England passed legislature limiting wages to lower, pre-plague levels.
• Both of the above were fodder for peasant revolts such as the 1381 English peasant revolt and the Jacquerie in France
PART II
• Throughout the plague, cities protected their interests very carefully
• As cites grew after the plague, they passed laws to regulate competition and control immigration
• After the plague, the reach of these cites was often extended to include surrounding land owned by impoverished nobles
• The “omnipresence of death” stirred up demand for goods created by skilled workers
• Expensive cloths and jewelry were in high demand, providing a good source of income for the cities
• With the shortages of skilled workers, the prices of these goods skyrocketed
• The church also benefited from the plague because of the vast need for funeral services for the dead and dying
8. By the time of the late tenth century, Kiev was Russia's dominant city. Yaroslav the Wise was largely responsible for developing Kiev into a major political and cultural center, rivaling Constantinople in terms of architechture. Everything changed in the thirteenth century, when Ghengis Khan invaded Russia. Kiev fell to Batu Khan seventeen years later, in 1240. Mongol rule prevailed for around forty years after its fall. During this time, the princes of Moscow xcooperated with their Mongol overlords, and were thereby able to take advantage of the tribute collected by the Mongols. As Mongol rule weakened, these opportunistic Princes became very wealthy. They gradually expanded the principality of Moscow through land purchases, colonization, and conquest. Mongol domination began to decline shortly thereafter. Moscow became the political and religious center by the last quarter of the fourteenth century, a hundred years before Ivan the Great brought all of northern Russia together under Moscow's control and finally ended Mongol rule.
ReplyDeleteNUMBER 7
ReplyDeleteAfter Pope Gregory died, and Pope Urban VI was elected as Italian arch bishop. The French made the "Great Schism" official when Charles V, king of France, was not supportive of foreign blood being pope. However five months later, the French formed their own conclave and elected Clement VII as pope, claiming that their vote for Urban was caused by fear of their lives. "The two headed thing", or the papacy split between two political groups, England and their allies supporting Urban, and France as well others supporting Clement.
The issue of desposition was then discussed over the course of thirty years before the church was defined "as the whole body of the faithful, of which the elected hear, the pope was only one part." It then went on to say that the pope's main objective was to maintain the unity and well-being of the church. Since neither Clement or Urban were doing so, they deposed of both popes and elected Alexander V. Although problems seemed solved neither Clement nor Urban recognized this, the papacy was left with three popes. All three popes were then deposed of and Martin V was elected under the declaration Sacrosancta.
After all was resolved, 3 prague articles were conceded, 1. cup communion, free preaching, and punsihment for all. An agreement was afterwards signed in 1439 restoring papal prestige and signaling the demise of the Concilliar Movement. The conciliar movement when ended showed people that leaders' priorities is everyone and not just themselves. Lastly, the concilliar movement was the devolving of religious responsibility.
Discuss the evolution of the papacy and the Church as an institution during the 13th century.
ReplyDelete—Pope Innocent III shifts the focus of the papacy, making it a political powerhouse while weakening its spirtual influence.
—Urban IV created the Rota Romana, which was the papacys own law court, centralizing the church's legal proceedings.
—The papacy elaborated on clerical taxation, a tax to churchs which used to just be an emergency measure for use in the Crusades. It had then become a normal thing.
—The papacy becomes even more preoccupied with secular goals and is serviced by an efficient internation bureaucracy.
—Later, the interests of Rome came to be control the church instead of local interests.
—The lower ranks began protesting due to loss of power and how the papacy had switched views on them and their followers.
—Eventually they had a Pope that was saintly, although inept, who abdicated after just a few weeks in office. He later died under suspicious circumstances, probably to keep the papacy going as a political powerhouse.
Answer to # 8
ReplyDeleteIn the thirteenth century Mongol, or Tatar, armies swept over Russia, China, and much of the Islamic world. Ghengis Khan invaded Russia and Kiev fell to Batu Khan. Russian cities became dependant, tribute-paying principalities of the segment of the Mongol Empire called the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde stationed officials in all the principal Russian towns to oversee taxation and the draft of soldiers into Tatar armies. Mongol rule created further cultural divisions between Russia and the West:
• Intermarriage between Mongols and Russian women.
• Creation of harems
• Russian women – under the influence of Islam – began to wear veils and to lead more secluded lives.
The Mongols left political and religious institutions intact and brought most Russians greater peace and prosperity than before because of great trade. The princes of Moscow cooperated with their overlords in the collection of tribute and grew wealthy under the Mongols. As Mongol rule weakened, the princes took control of the territory surrounding the city. In a process that has come to be known as “the gathering of the Russian Land,” they then gradually expanded the principality of Moscow through land purchases, colonization, and conquest. Tatar forces were defeated in 1380 which marked the decline of Mongol power in Russia. Another century passed before Ivan III (Ivan the Great) brought control and an end to Mongol rule (1480). By the last quarter of the fourteenth century Moscow had become the political and religious center of Russia, replacing Kiev.