Each of you has been assigned three questions below. Post your answer to the first by Thursday 8/30, the second by Tuesday 9/4, and the third by Thursday 9/6.
How was it that France and England each developed a “nascent national consciousness” before the 100 Years War? What is a “nascent national consciousness” and why would id have been noteworthy to develop one? (Mr. Dalton)
What impact did the plague have on the social structure of Europe and how were cities able to prosper from its effects? (Hope)
Discuss the evolution of the papacy and the Church as an institution during the 13th century. (Conner)
What were the causes and effects of the Great Schism and the Conciliar movement? (Bryan)
What are the main characteristics of Renaissance humanism and what does the term “secular” mean? (Briley)
How did the humanists reform the educational “system” during the Renaissance? (Chaz)
How does Renaissance art reflect the cultural, religious, and political changes that occurred in Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries? (MCC)
What was the Treaty of Lodi and what brought about its demise? (Mr. Dalton)
Explain the transition from feudal monarchy to sovereign states in northern Europe (i.e., the creation of the “New Monarchies.) [Lawton]
“Luther was especially plagued by the disproportion between his own sense of sinfulness and the perfect righteousness that medieval theology taught that God required for salvation.” How did Luther solve this quandary? (Hope)
How did the Election of Charles V prove beneficial to Luther in the early years of the Reformation? (Conner)
Describe the events leading up to the Diet of Worms. (Bryan)
The emperor’s distresses led to the Reformation’s successes…explain. (Briley)
What was Zwingli’s reform guideline? (Chaz)
Identify the Diet of Augsburg and the Augsburg Interim. (MCC)
Why was the Peace of Augsburg significant? (Lawton)
Why did the Reformation split by 1530? (Hope)
“England had to await Henry’s death before it could become a genuinely Protestant country.” Explain. (Conner)
What were the Spiritual Exercises, who developed them, and what was their purpose? (Bryan)
What were the causes and effects of the Council of Trent? (Briley)
What were the pros and cons of the Reformation for women? (Chaz)
Why did couples begin marrying later between 1500-1800 and what effects did this development have? (MCC)
What was a wet nurse and why were they controversial? (Lawton)
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What impact did the plague have on the social structure of Europe and how were cities able to prosper from its effects?
ReplyDeleteDepopulation resulted in a labor crisis and a decline in the value of Nobles’ estates. Wages of farmers and especially artisans SOARED. Agricultural prices decline, signaling crisis for landed gentry, and processed of finished goods rose, signaling rise of artisanal middle class. Gentry responded by passing repressive legislation that led to peasant revolts. Cities were able to annex out lands of struggling nobles. The need for finished goods sky rocketed as the number of artisans decreased, resulting in “migration” of rural laborers to cities to learn lucrative crafts. Wealth poured into cities and price of agricultural goods declined as demand declines.
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ReplyDeleteThe transition from feudal monarchy to sovereign states was a slow, but sure process. There are several main factors that contributed to the demise of feudalism, all of which are facets of now modern society. The main cause of the downfall of feudalism was the spread of Christianity, and the unification it caused among people of ethnic groups who would usually be fighting. It provided a common ground for a king to gather people to his banner, and was used to rally the peasants. The second reason was the rise of the merchant class, and the new laws and regulations, along with the rise of towns. They all contributed to modernizing Europe's economy, as monarchs would try to tax and regulate merchants so they could finance their kingdoms. Finally, monarchs used the threat of outside incursions by non-Christian enemies, such as when Muslims invaded through Spain and almost conquered Europe.
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ReplyDeleteWhat were the causes and effectsof the Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement?
ReplyDeletePope Gregory XI died, he had been infamous for corruption and greed and the Romans feared another french papacy. The cardinals fearing for there lives elected an Italian who threatened there power, so they wrote a manifesto annulling his election. Pope Urban VI refused to leve so the cardinals fled to Avignon where they elected a new pope, Clement VII. Thus the Great Schism was born.
The repercussions of this being Europe was split in two. Both popes led lavish lifestyles which led to ever incresing taxes on the Parishes around Europe,this led to the Conciliar Movement which was the idea that Jesus was the true leader of the church and that the popes weren't needed.
Discuss the evolution of the papacy and the Church as an institution during the 13th century.
ReplyDeleteThe Christian Church’s framework still stood and had great influence throughout the western world after the fall of the Romans. With the growth of monasteries, communities began to reject the violence and savagery around them, becoming more civilized. In effect, the church as an institution began to advance, as people beheld them in “religious awe.” Many believed that their prayers and practices could benefit the world, and because of this they began to gain even more power. With no emperor in the west, the bishop of Rome claimed primacy over all Christians and had an open door to spread influence. The independence of the bishop confirmed the practice of the independence of the spiritual power from the political.
Roman Bishops, eager to maintain power, used various arguments to affirm their authority. St. Peter, it was held, had imparted the spiritual authority given to him by Christ himself to the Roman bishops. The Roman Bishops went a step further when they forged a “Donation from Constantine” to govern Rome. It is clear they exacted their great influence to gain power. As for the Barbarians, the Church incorporated them into a higher way of living. They entered the church and became Christians. Missionaries were sent out to various parts of the Europe in attempt to convert the masses. The Latin Christian culture was growing in physical size and influence.
How does Renaissance art reflect the cultural, religious, and political changes that occurred in Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries?
ReplyDeleteRenaissance art reflected the cultural, religious, and political changes that occurred in the 14th and 15th centuries by awakening the human spirit. The effects of art were evident in books, art galleries, and architecture of cities. Art involved the whole area of culture with moral and civic questions about what human beings out to be or ought to do, with the answers reflected in matters of taste, style, propriety, decorum, personal character, and education. Renaissance art reflected religious changes by captivating humans with a sense of human power instead of dependency on God’s grace and salvation. People now wanted to live an active gregarious life not a quiet, cloistered, or celibate life. Artists and sculptors began parting from religious figures and produced portraits of eminent contemporaries and great leaders. Politics also changed dramatically. Italian politics became a tangled web and a labyrinth of conspiracy. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the most lasting work of Italian Renaissance where he emancipated politics from theology and moral philosophy and instead described what rulers actually did. Machiavelli wrote how rulers and governments act only in their own political interest and how politics were breaking off from religion. Renaissance art allowed Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries to become more modern and lead a different lifestyle that was reflected in its culture, religions, and politics.
How was it that France and England each developed a “nascent national consciousness” before the 100 Years War? What is a “nascent national consciousness” and why would id have been noteworthy to develop one? (Mr. Dalton)
ReplyDelete- The Norman Kings of England and the Capetian Kings of France developed a sophisticated feudal system (hierarchy) and won the unquestioned loyalty of their vassals.
- Nascent = just born, "budding," or emerging. Each nation experienced the first sense of loyalty to a NATIONAL king/country as opposed to a local lord or territory.
- Necessary pre-condition for the final break from the M.A. Noteworthy because idea had not surfaced in 1,000 years and had NEVER existed in W. Europe.people had gone from tribal identity to identification with Rome/Pope/Christendom and/or allegiance to a LOCAL secular leader.
What was the Treaty of Lodi and what brought about its demise?
ReplyDelete- Political alliance of Italy's sovereign city-states that enabled Italy to protect itself from foreign invasion during later M.A. (Ottoman Turks). Milan/Naples/Florence v. Venice & Papal States except in times of foreign threat.
- Ludovico il Moro wanted to enhance Milan at expense of Naples and recognized French King Charles VIII's claim to Naples (invades Italy in 1485). He later regrets decision and joins League of Venice which sends Charles into retreat.
- Capitulation of Borgia Popes with Charles' successor Louis XII signals death of League of Venice and autonomous Italy.
What are the main characteristics of Renaissance humanism and what does the term “secular” mean? (Briley)
ReplyDeleteThe Italian Renaissance was a period in time that occurred during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. During this time, a form of humanism developed and today it is known as Renaissance humanism. A main characteristic of Renaissance humanism was individualism. The people of the Renaissance valued a person’s rights and the fact that everyone was important. They rejected the idea of corporatism where everyone had the same place for their entire lives and worked only for the good of the community as a whole. They also stressed the importance of satisfying worldly desires. You should focus on the here and now, getting the most out of life as physically and mentally possible. They did not focus on the after-life, nor where they as concerned with their salvation. The concentration of their studies was the betterment of man and his abilities. They venerated man and his ability to reason, delighting in individual achievement and excellence. They embodied the secular worldview. Secularization is the “process of developing a variety of activities outside the sphere of religion.” That was exactly what the men of the Renaissance did. They began learning and studying subjects and ideas that would not significantly benefit their salvation but would most certainly aid in the development of man and the world.
How did the humanists reform the educational “system” during the Renaissance?
ReplyDeleteThe humanists wanted to stray away from the educational system used in the dark ages and wanted it to be “modernized.” The humanists reformed the traditional education system by educating students to become something more than the simple jobs. The leaders of the reform focused on preparing the upcoming generation to become lawyers, doctors, and professional theologians. They taught from advanced text books regarding logic, mathematics, philosophy, medicine, law, and theology. On an overall level, Education was more valued during the renaissance and reached out to a larger population.
2.) Why was the Peace of Augsburg significant? (Lawton)
ReplyDeleteThe Peace of Augsburg was significant for two main reasons. The first, and foremost, was that it allowed Protestantism to survive and made it legal by allowing the German princes to choose which branch of Christianity would be allowed in their kingdoms. The second was that it showcased the weakening power of monarchs and the Catholic church in the medieval war, even if only slightly.